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Charles II or Charles the Bald
823-77, emperor of the West (875-77) and king of the West Franks(843-77); son of Emperor Loui s I by a second marriage. The efforts ofLouis to create a kingdom for Charles were responsibl e for the repeatedrevolts of Louis's elder sons that disturbed the latter part of Louis'sreig n. When Lothair I, the eldest and heir to the imperial title,attempted to reunite the empir e after Louis's death (840), Charles andLouis the German marched against their brother and de feated him atFontenoy (841). Reaffirming their alliance in 842 (see Strasbourg, Oathof), the y signed (843) with Lothair the Treaty of Verdun (see Verdun,Treaty of), which divided the em pire into three parts. The part roughlycorresponding to modern France fell to Charles. He wa s almostcontinuously at war with his brothers and their sons, with the Norsemen(or Normans, a s they came to be known in France), and with rebellioussubjects. When Charles's nephew Lothai r, son of Lothair I and king ofLotharingia, died in 869, Charles seized his kingdom but was f orced bythe Treaty of Mersen (870) to divide it with Louis the German. In 875, atthe death o f his nephew Louis II, who had succeeded Lothair I as emperor,Charles secured the imperial cr own. His reign witnessed the growth of thepower of the nobles at the expense of the royal pow er and thus marked therise of local feudalism. Charles's chief adviser was Archbishop Hincmar .
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